In the absence of a main attraction – Perspectives from polar bear watching tourism participants

Wildlife watching tourism has recently received more attention in the tourism literature. However, research is still needed on participants' perceptions on the unpredictable nature of wild animals as main attractions. Information on this topic may help providers keep participants satisfied in the absence of wildlife and move away from exploitative practices sometimes used to guarantee close encounters. Using polar bear tourism as a case study, content analysis of TripAdvisor reviews from Churchill (Canada) and Svalbard (Norway) was used to examine participants’ comments on unpredictable wildlife and reactions when polar bears were not found. Findings indicate that to keep participants satisfied, wildlife watching tourism providers should focus on more controllable parts of the experience, such as high-quality guiding, expectations management, and secondary, more guaranteed side activities. They should also make the most of the natural surroundings, other wildlife in the area and signs of the focal species when encountered.     

A double life cycle: determining tourism development in Macedonia

This article investigates the symptoms of tourism development in Macedonia by applying the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) model. The study explores the political context and the government's role in policy-making and implementation at each TALC stage. It also attempts to assess key arenas of governmental influence on tourism, such as privatization, legislation, tourism promotion, and fiscal policy. To this end, we conducted an analysis of secondary data sources with the aim of assessing the current stage of tourism development. Our analysis indicates that tourism in Macedonia is presently in the development stage but that future decline is still possible. Our general findings indicate an insufficiently developed tourist supply, underlining the importance of taking action as a prerequisite for a well-established tourism planning process. Finally, the study reviews and offers a better understanding of the manner in which Macedonia's tourism policies are changing in a complex region, with the aim of blending top-down decision-making with elements of grass roots involvement in a bid to create a solution to the country's search for a new future.     

Bank ownership of multilateral trading facilities and implications for historical exchanges: An industrial economics approach

The aim of this paper is to address bank ownership in Multilateral Trading Facilities (MTFs) and its implications for historical exchanges. We propose an oligopoly model with network effects to account for an exchange industry that consists of two MTFs and an historical exchange. Based on the observation that banks are both owners and clients of MTFs, we examine banks' incentive to influence the pricing policy of MTFs. We show that when brokerage and trading activities are particularly important for banks' revenue relative to their profit as MTF operators, certain market outcomes may emerge whereby both MTFs include banks' interest as clients in their objective function. We also demonstrate that accounting for banks' interest in MTFs' objective function acts as a competitive device that reduces the price and the profitability of the historical exchange.     

论建构主义理论下的音乐教学

建构主义作为一种重要的学习理论,已经越来越受到重视并已广泛运用到各个教学领域。同样,建构主义对于音乐学科教学也产生了重要影响,如何把建构主义的教学原则运用到音乐教学中,并且充分发挥建构主义教学的优势,已经是当今现代化音乐教育的重要发展趋势和理论基础。建构主义理论下的音乐教学对课程改革和教师角色都提出了新的要求。     

高职物流专业教学方法分析

在高职物流教学中,专业课程教学是教学活动的基础。依据高职高专物流管理专业人才培养目标,结合作者从事物流教学工作实践经验的总结,提出了物流专业课程教学的一些思路和方法。     

投资项目后评价不同方法的应用实例分析

项目后评价是针对项目实施效果进行管理的手段之一.通过后评价,可以分析项目实施的效果,找出差距和不足,从而为以后的项目管理提供借鉴指导意见.通过实例来阐明投资项目的对照项目目标后评价、侧重于项目实施效果后评价和侧重于项目经济效果后评价三类不同方法的作用和用途,达到更精简高效地对项目进行后评价的目的.     

创业投资在促进航海企业发展中的作用研究

受金融危机影响,全球航海市场低迷,航海企业间竞争加剧,这对企业是严峻的考验。创业投资不仅能够对企业投入资金,而且还可以向企业提供包括发展战略、资本运作等各方面的策划、咨询等服务,使航海企业得以快速发展和壮大。     

医院财务管理问题及对策分析

随着医院卫生体制改革的不断深入,医疗市场的竞争也日趋激烈。飞速变化的医疗市场,使每家医院都更加注重自身的快速发展,更多的医院都希望通过加强财务管理来促进自身的快速发展,以前的财务管理模式已经发生转变。随着社会主义市场经济的建立和完善,医院经济活动和经济关系正在发生着根本的变化。     

期刊网络化背景下高校学报编辑的角色再定位

在期刊网络化背景下,期刊编辑方式发生了显著的变化,为了适应新形势,期刊编辑部的角色进行再定位是非常必要的。在明析编辑及角色的概念下,提出编辑角色的定位,并以高校学报编辑为例,认为在网络化背景下,高校学报编辑角色应重新定位为四大类,尤其是要增加数字编辑这一新的角色。     

基于XML的安全策略分析

随着Internet的不断发展,作为半结构化语言的XML逐渐成为重要的数据载体,诸多应用和服务都采用XML作为数据传输对象,因此XML数据的安全性变得非常重要。在这种情况下,针对XML数据安全的各种策略和模型应运而生。本文从逻辑思想角度,给出了几种分析方法,包括义务逻辑分析,逻辑推理。义务逻辑是一种非常简单的对义务概念进行推理的逻辑。在安全策略一致性分析中,利用SDL基于角色的概念,从给角色的优先权序列角度,来解决冲突的问题而逻辑推理是把安全策略转化成布尔表达式,对表达式进行比较等操作,来分析不一致性的存在。验证和变化影响分析是基于图形转化的,而后对图形进行操作的思想。论文对安全视图更新问题进行了分析,提出了基于XML安全视图的数据更新方法,并结合实验实例进行验证。